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Lies I was told about collaborative editing, Part 2: Why we don't use Yjs
by antics
I remember reading Part 1 back in the day, and this is also an excellent article.
I’ve spent 3+ years fighting the same problems while building DocNode and DocSync, two libraries that do exactly what you describe.
DocSync is a client-server library that synchronizes documents of any type (Yjs, Loro, Automerge, DocNode) while guaranteeing that all clients apply operations in the same order. It’s a lot more than 40 lines because it handles many things beyond what’s described here. For example:
It’s local-first, which means you have to handle race conditions.
Multi-tab synchronization works via BroadcastChannel even offline, which is another source of race conditions that needs to be controlled.
DocNode is an alternative to Yjs, but with all the simplicity that comes from assuming a central server. No tombstones, no metadata, no vector clock diffing, supports move operations, etc.
I think you might find them interesting. Take a look at https://docukit.dev and let me know what you think.
Hello again Germán! Since the product we make is, basically, a local-first markdown file editor, I would humbly suggest that the less-well-known algorithm we recommend is thus also local-first. But, I fully believe that you do a ton of stuff that we don't, and if we had known about it at the time, we very definitely would have taken a close look! We did not set out to do this ourselves, it just kind of ended up that way.
Cool! We also build client-server sync for our local-first CMS: https://github.com/valbuild/val Just as your docsync, it has to both guarantee order and sync to multiple types of servers (your own computer for local dev, cloud service in prod). Base format is rfc 6902 json patches. Read the spec sheet and it is very similar :)
Looks really cool, I would love to use it in my DollarDeploy project. Documentation could be a bit better still, it is not clear, are content is pure markdown or it is typescript files? Which GitHub repo it synchronizes to? I prefer monorepo approach.
Awesome feedback! Will update the docs! The content is TS files. You can chose which repo GitHub you want to synchronize to - monorepo also works!
Should add: you can read more docs here: https://val.build/docs/create
Tiny fail at undo: insert 1 before E, Ctlr+Z, move left/right: left editor moves around E, right editor moves around the nonexistent 1
And for real "action" there should be a delay/pause button to simulate conflicts like the ones described in the blog
Yes, the undo issue is a known bug in the website demo because it's messing with Lexical's undo functionality. It's not actually a DocNode bug. I'll fix it soon.
The feedback about the delay/pause button is also good, thanks!
Just use OT like normal people, it’s been proven to work. No tombstones, no infinite storage requirements or forced “compaction”, fairly easy to debug, algorithm is moderate to complex but there are reference open source implementations to cross check against. You need a server for OT but you’re always going to have a server anyway, one extra websocket won’t hurt you. We regularly have 30-50k websockets connected at a time. CRDTs are a meme and are not for serious applications.
Author here, I did not specifically mention OT in the article, since our main focus was to help people understand the downsides of the currently-most-popular system, which is built on CRDTs.
BUT, since you mention it, I'll say a bit here. It sounds like you have your own experience, and we'd love to hear about that. But OUR experience was: (1) we found (contrary to popular belief) that OT actually does not require a centralized server, (2) we found it to be harder to implement OT exactly right vs CRDTs, and (3) we found many (though not all) of the problems that CRDTs have, are also problems in practice for OT—although in fairness to OT, we think the problems CRDTs have in general are vastly worse to the end-user experience.
If there's interest I'm happy to write a similar article entirely dedicated to OT. But, for (3), as intuition, we found a lot of the problems that both CRDTs and OT have seem to arise from a fundamental impedance mismatch between the in-memory representation of the state of a modern editor, and the representation that is actually synchronized. That is, when you apply an op (CRDT) or a transform (OT), you have to transform the change into a (to use ProseMirror as an example) valid `Transaction` on an `EditorState`. This is not always easy in either case, and to do it right you might have to think very hard about things like "how to preserve position mappings," and other parts of editor state that are crucial to (say) plugins that manage locations of comment marks or presence cursors.
With all of that said, OT is definitely much closer to what modern editors need, in my opinion at least. The less-well-known algorithm we ended up recommending here (which I will call "Marjin Collab", after its author) is essentially a very lightweight OT, without the "transformation" step.
I always mentally slotted prosemirror-collab/your recommended solution in the OT category. What’s the difference between the “rebase” step and the “transformation” step you’re saying it doesn’t need?
Great question. Matt has a comment about this here, and he has an actual PhD on the subject! So rather than doing a worse job explaining I will leave it to him to explain: https://news.ycombinator.com/user?id=mweidner
Having a central server is not necessary, but we have one anyway and we use it, especially if you have a permissions system. It lets us use the "Google wave" algorithm which vastly simplifies things.
https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator/wave/whitepapers/...
> This is not always easy in either case, and to do it right you might have to think very hard about things like "how to preserve position mappings," and other parts of editor state that are crucial to (say) plugins that manage locations of comment marks or presence cursors.
Maintaining text editor state is normal. Yes you do need to convert the OT messages into whatever diff format your editor requires (and back), but that's the standard glue code.
The nice thing about OT is that you can just feed the positions of marks into the OT algorithm to get the new positional value. Worst case, you just have the server send the server side position when sending the OT event and the client just displays the server side position.
Josh eloquently explains how Google Wave's DACP (Distributed Application Canceling Protocol) works:
One way to minimize impedance mismatch is to work with DOM-like or JSON-like structures mostly immune to transient bugs, which I am doing currently in the librdx project. It has full-CRDT RDX format[1] and essentially-JSON BASON[2] format. It does not solve all the problems, more like the set of problems is different. On the good side, it is really difficult to break. On the bad side, it lacks some of the rigor (esp BASON) that mature CRDT models have. But, those models are way more complex and, most likely, will have mismatching bugs in different implementations. No free lunch.
[1]: https://github.com/gritzko/librdx/tree/master/rdx [2]: https://github.com/gritzko/librdx/tree/master/json
Agreed. In my limited experience, conflict resolution rules are very domain specific, whereas CTDTs encourage a lazy attitude that "if it's associative and commutative it must be correct".
Are there any major libraries for OT? I've been looking into this recently for a project at work, and OT would be completely sufficient for our use case, and does look simpler overall, but from what I could tell, we'd need to write a lot of stuff ourselves. The only vaguely active-looking project in JS at least seems to be DocNode (https://www.docukit.dev/docnode), and that looks very cool but also very early days.
Author here. I think it depends what you're doing! OT is a true distributed systems algorithm and to my knowledge there are no projects that implement true, distributed OT with strong support for modern rich text editor SDKs like ProseMirror. ShareJS, for example, is abandoned, and predates most modern editors.
If you are using a centralized server and ProseMirror, there are several OT and pseudo-OT implementations. Most popularly, there is prosemirror-collab[4], which is basically "OT without the stuff you don't need with an authoritative source for documents." Practically speaking that means "OT without T", but because it does not transform the ops to be order-independent, it has an extra step on conflict where the user has to rebase changes and re-submit. This is can cause minor edit starvation of less-connected clients. prosemirror-collab-commit[5] fixes this by performing the rebasing on the server... so it's still "OT without the T", but also with an authoritative conflict resolution pseudo-T at the end. I personally recommend prosemirror-collab-commit, it's what we use, and it's extremely fast and predictable.
If you just want something pedogocically helpful, the blessed upstream collaborative editing solution for CodeMirror is OT. See author's blog post[1], the @codemirror/collab package[2], and the live demo[3]. In general this implementation is quite good and worth reading if you are interested in this kind of thing. ShareJS and OTTypes are both very readable and very good, although we found them very challenging to adopt in a real-world ProseMirror-based editor.
[1]: https://marijnhaverbeke.nl/blog/collaborative-editing-cm.htm...
[2]: https://codemirror.net/docs/ref/#collab
[3]: https://codemirror.net/examples/collab/
[4]: https://github.com/ProseMirror/prosemirror-collab
[5]: https://github.com/stepwisehq/prosemirror-collab-commit
In our case, we're not using a text editor, but instead building a spreadsheet, so a lot of these collab-built-into-an-editor are, like you say, pedagogically useful but less helpful as direct building blocks that we can just pull in and use. But the advice is very useful, thank you!
Cheers for plugging prosemirror-collab-commit! Nice to see it's getting used more.
Author of DocNode here. Yes, it’s still early days. But it’s a very robust library that I don’t expect will go through many breaking changes. It has been developed privately for over 2 years and has 100% test coverage. Additionally, each test uses a wrapper to validate things like operation reversibility, consistency across different replicas, etc.
DocSync, which is the sync engine mainly designed with DocNode in mind, I would say is a bit less mature.
I’d love it if you could take a look and see if there’s anything that doesn’t convince you. I’ll be happy to answer any questions.
I've looked through the site, and right now it's probably the thing I'd try out first, but my main concerns are the missing documentation, particular the more cookbook-y kinds of documentation — how you might achieve such-and-such effect, etc. For example, the sync example is very terse, although I can understand why you'd like to encourage people to use the more robust, paid-for solution! Also just general advice on how to use DocNode effectively from your experience would be useful, things like schema design or notes about how each operation works and when to prefer one kind of operation or structure over another.
All that said, I feel like the documentation has improved since the last time I looked, and I suspect a lot of the finer details come with community and experience.
Thanks! I've recently made some improvements to the documentation. I agree the synchronization section could be improved more. I'll keep your feedback in mind. If you'd like to try the library, feel free to ask me anything on Discord and I'll help you.
"CRDTs are a meme and are not for serious applications."
That is one hot take!
Let's balance the discussion a bit.
What is OT?
Operational Transformation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_transformation
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Am I correctly understanding that you (Moment) have chosen to use Prosemirror and that with that using Yjs was the hard part? Or did you mean to say in the article that you used Yjs directly? It would be less prone to misunderstanding if it read "why we don't use y-prosemirror" and you would lose a lot of potential audience for the post.
I tried to understand what was wrong in Yjs, as I'm using it myself, but your point is not really with Yjs it seems but on how the interaction is with Prosemirror in your use case. I can see why you're bringing up your points against Yjs and I'm having a hard time understanding why you don't consider alternatives to Prosemirror directly. Put another way, "because this integration was bad the source system must also be bad". I do not condone this part of your article. Seems like a sunken cost fallacy to me and reasoning about it at anothers expense, but perhaps not. Hoping to hear back from you.
And let's not forget that the official paper on Yjs is just plain wrong, the "proofs" it contains are circular. They look nice, but they are wrong.
This was my impression as well. If you ignore the paper and just look at the source code - and carefully study Seph Gentle's Yjs-like RGA implementation [1] - I believe you find that it is equivalent to an RGA-style tree, but with a different rule for sorting insertions having the same left origin. That rule is hard to describe but can eventually be proved commutative; I'm hoping to include this in a paper someday.
Could you elaborate on that or share a source? It sounds like it'd be not just interesting but important to learn.
https://dl.acm.org/doi/epdf/10.1145/2957276.2957310
Try to understand 3.1-3.4 in this paper, and you'll find that the correctness proof doesn't prove anything.
In particular, when they define <_c, they do this in terms of rule1, rule2, and rule3, but these are defined in terms of <_c, so this is just a circular definition, and therefore actually not a definition at all, but just wishful thinking. They then prove that <_c is a total order, but that proof doesn't matter, because <_c does not exist with the given properties in the first place.
It's disingenuous to suggest that "Yjs will completely destroy and re-create the entire document on every single keystroke" and that this is "by design" of Yjs. This is a design limitation of the official y-Prosemirror bindings that are integrating two distinct (and complex) projects. The post is implying that this is a flaw in the core Yjs library and an issue with CRDTs as a whole. This is not the case.
It is very true that there are nuances you have to deal with when using CRDT toolkits like Yjs and Automerge - the merged state is "correct" as a structure, but may not match your scheme. You have to deal with that into your application (Prosemirror does this for you, if you want it, and can live with the invalid nodes being removed)
You can't have your cake and eat it with CRDTs, just as you can't with OT. Both come with compromises and complexities. Your job as a developer is to weigh them for the use case you are designing for.
One area in particular that I feel CRDTs may really shine is in agentic systems. The ability to fork+merge at will is incredibly important for async long running tasks. You can validate the state after an agent has worked, and then decide to merge to main or not. Long running forks are more complex to achieve with OT.
There is some good content in this post, but it's leaning a little too far towards drama creation for my tast.
You can split CRDT libs and compose them however you want, but most teams never get past the blessed bindings, because stitching two moving targets together by hand is miserable even if you know both codebases. Then you're chasing a perf cliff and weird state glitches every time one side revs.
In theory you can write better bindings yourself. In practice, if the official path falls over under normal editing, telling people to just do more integration work sounds a lot like moving the goalposts.
Author here, sorry if this was not clear: that specific point was not supposed to be an indictment of all CRDTs, it was supposed to be much more narrow. Specifically, the Yjs authors clearly state that they purposefully designed its interface to ProseMirror to delete and recreate the entire document on every collab keystroke, and the fact that it stayed open for 6 YEARS before they started to try to fix it, does in my opinion indicate a fundamental misunderstanding of what modern text editors need to behave well in any situation. Not even a collaborative one. Just any situation at all.
I think it's defensible to say that this point in particular is not indicting CRDTs in general because I do say the authors are trying to fix it, and then I link to the (unpublicized) first PR in that chain of work (which very few people know about!), and I specifically spend a whole paragraph saying I hope that I a forced to write an article in a year about how they figured it all out! If I was trying to be disingenuous, why do any of that?
> sorry if this was not clear
It's easy to make that mistake reading your post because of sentences like
> I want to convince you that all of these things (except true master-less p2p architecture) are easily doable without CRDTs
> But what if you’re using CRDTs? Well, all these problems are 100x harder, and none of these mitigations are available to you.
It sure sounds a lot like you're calling CRDTs in general needlessly complex, not just the yjs-prosemirror integration.
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Fantastic article. I was particularly interested because WordPress has been working to add collaborative editing and the implementation is based on yjs. I hope that won't end up being an issue...
It would have been nice if the article compared yjs with automerge and others. Jsonjoy, in particular, appears very impressive. https://jsonjoy.com/
The transport for collaborative editing in Wordpress 7.0 is HTTP polling. Once per second, even if no one else is editing. It jumps to 4 requests/sec if just two people are editing. And it's enabled by default on all sites, though that might not be the case when it leaves beta.
Sorry that I am too stupid to understand what Moment is.
It is a collaborative markdown file that also renders very fast. So far so good.
And then... it somehow adds Javascript? And React? And somehow AI is involved? I truly don't understand what it is, and I am (I think) the end customer...
Hi folks, author here. I thought this was dead! I'm here to answer questions if you have them.
EDIT: I live in Seattle and it is 12:34, so I must go to bed soon. But I will wake up and respond to comments first thing in the morning!
Just wanted to say thanks! This is a great write up and resonates with issues I encountered when trying to productionise a yjs backed feature.
I think Y.js 14 and the new y-prosemirror binding fix a lot of the encountered issues
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It should be noted that this is about text editing specifically, and for other use-cases YJS is using other code pathways/algorithms, but you have to be careful how you design your data structure for atomic updates.
I'm curious how these approaches compare with MRDTs implemented in Irmin
we're about to implement collaborative editing at Mintlify and were considering yjs so this couldn't have come at a better time
Author here, my personal mission is for people implementing this to have clear, actionable advice. Which is something we did not when we started. If you want to chat about it I'm happy to help, just email me: clemmer.alexander@gmail.com
Replacing CRDT with 40 lines of code. Amazing.
It appears Moment is producing "high-performance, collaborative, truly-offline-capable, fully-programmable document editor" - https://www.moment.dev/blog
There seems to be a conflict of interest with describing Yjs's performance, which basically does the same thing along with Automerge.
Author here. To be clear, we do not in ANY WAY compete with Yjs! We are a potential customer of Yjs. This article explains why we chose not to be a customer of Yjs, and why we don't think most people building real-time collaborative text editors should be, either.
You have an amazing tagline. This is the first time I read a tagline and thought: this is exactly what I was looking for.
But the product seems much more narrow than an actual tool run the whole business in markdown. I was hoping to see Logseq on steroids, and it feels like a tool builder primarily. I love the tool building aspect, but the fundamentals of simply organizing docs (docs, presentations, assets etc, the basics of a business) are either not part of the core offering or not presented well at all.
I love the idea of building custom tools on top of MD and it's part of my wishlist, but I feel little deceived by your tagline so I wanted to share that :)
This is great feedback, thank you. I will say that IS our goal... but we only really launched last week and are still figuring out what resonates with people and what they really want! It sounds like you're saying that the organization aspects are not there, which is very helpful to know... I am not quite sure I understand if you also think the toolbuilding is lacking?
If you are open to it, I'd love the opportunity to hear more. Here or email (alex@moment.dev) or our Discord (bottom right of our website) or Twitter/X... or whatever you prefer.
That doesn't make sense. If you are a customer that implies you pay for it, so people can be users of Yjs which is free and open-source, but not customers.
The logic that makes sense is you are using your own framing (Moment.dev will later be paid and people will be customers) to interpret Yjs.
Moreover, the 'social proof' posted by the following later on by 'auggierose' and 'skeptrune': - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47396154 - https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47396139
Appears, to me, to be manufactured. The degree of consolidation in this 'SF/Bay Area tech cult' which I've noticed, although I am unsure if others are aware, that tries to help other members at the expense of quality, growing network wealth through favoritism rather than adherence to quality, is counterpoint to users whose interest is high quality software without capture.
While you may not like me describing this, it is not in your own interest to do this because it catabolizes the base layer that would sustain you. Social media catabolizes actual social networks, as AI catabolizes those who write information online. Behavior like this ruins the public commons over time.
I'm not sure I fully understand, but to be clear, we actually do voluntarily pay for the Free and OSS software we use. For example, we support `react-prosemirror` directly with monetary compensation. And if we used Yjs, we would have paid for that too. So in that sense, I do think of us as customers!
It's hard to tell, but I think you also might be saying that criticizing the FOSS foundations of our product actually hurts the ecosystem. I actually am very open to that, and it's why we took so much time writing it since part 1 came out. But the Yjs-alternative technology we use is all also F/OSS, and we also do directly support it, with actual money from our actual bank account. All I'm recommending here is that others do the same. Sorry if that was not clear.
The rest of your reply, I'm not sure I grok. I think you might be suggesting that we are sock-puppeting `auggierose` or `skeptrune`, and that we are part of some (as you put it) "cult" of the Bay area! Let me be clear that neither of these things true. I don't know anyone at Mintlify personally, and in any event we are from Seattle not the Bay!
No, you're not sock-puppeting it yourself. But you all are probably friends and cross-promoting. It's a common business strategy these days, but to some underhanded seeming compared to straightforward ways.
Anyhow, we just have different norms of being. I still stand by my above statements and observations, which you reject but has plausible deniability, so we'll just leave it as is.
Reminds me a bit of google-mobwrite. I wonder why that fell out of favour.
Component library page in the docs gives 404
Couldn't agree more with the gist of the argument, especially in the context of ProseMirror.
That's why I created prosemirror-collab-commit.
(Xpost from my lobsters comment since the Author's active over here):
I really disagree with this article - despite protestation, I feel like their issue is with Yjs, not CRDTs in general.
Namely, their proposed solution:
1. For each document, there is a single authority that holds the source of truth: the document, applied steps, and the current version.
2. A client submits some transactional steps and the lastSeenVersion.
3. If the lastSeenVersion does not match the server’s version, the client must fetch recent changes(lastSeenVersion), rebase its own changes on top, and re-submit.
(3a) If the extra round-trip for rebasing changes is not good enough for you, prosemirror-collab-commit does pretty much the same thing, but it rebases the changes on the authority itself.
Here's a modified version of the steps of their proposed solution:
1. For each document, every participating member holds the document, applied steps, and the current version.
2. A client submits (to the "server" or p2p) some transactional steps and the lastSeenVersion.
3. If the lastSeenVersion does not match the "server"/peer’s version, the client must fetch recent changes(lastSeenVersion). The server still accepts the changes. Both the client and the "server" rebase the changes of one on top of the other. Which one gets rebased on top of the other can be determined by change depth, author id, real-world timestamp, "server" timestamp, whatever. If it's by server timestamp, you get the exact behavior from the article's solution.
CRDTs can store this casual history very efficiently using run-length encoding: diamond-types has done really good work here, with an explanation of their internals here: https://github.com/josephg/diamond-types/blob/master/INTERNA...
In conclusion, the article seems to be really down on CRDTs in general, whereas I would argue that they're really down on Yjs and have written 80+% of a CRDT without meaning to, and would be happier if they finished to 100%. You can still have the exact behavior they have now by using server timestamps when available and falling back to local timestamps that always sort after server timestamps when offline. A 100% casual-history CRDT would also give them much better debugging, since they could replay whatever view of history they want over and over. The only downside is extra storage, which I think diamond-types has shown can be very reasonable.
The actual point of the post: Y.js is slow and buggy.
From the "40 line CRDT replacement":
const result = step.apply(this.doc);
if (result.failed) return false;
Author here. I'll actually defend this. Most of the subtlety of this part is actually in document schema version mismatches, and you'd handle that at client connect, generally, since we want the server to dictate the schema version you're using.
In general, the client implementation of collab is pretty simple. Nearly all of the subtlety lies in the server. But it, too, is generally not a lot of code, see for example the author's implementation: https://github.com/ProseMirror/website/tree/master/src/colla...
I just read part 1 as well as part 2, for me it raises an interesting question that wasn't addressed. I correctly guessed the question posed about the result of the conflict, and while it's true that's not the end result I'd probably want, it's also important because it gives me visibility of the other user's change. Both users know exactly what the other did - one deleted everything, the other added a u. If you end up with an empty document, the deleting user doesn't know about the spelling correction that may need to be re-applied elsewhere. Perhaps they just cut and pasted that section elsewhere in the document.
But there's another issue that the author hasn't even considered, and possibly it's the root cause why the prosemirrror (which I'd never heard of before btw) does the thing the author thinks is broken... Say you have a document like "请来 means 'please go'" and independently both the Chinese and English collaborators look at that and realise it's wrong. One changes it to "请走 means 'please go'" and the other changes it to "请来 means 'please come'". Those changes are in different spans, and so a merge would blindly accept both resulting in "请走 means 'please come'" which is entirely different from the original, but just as incorrect. Depending on how much other interaction the authors have, this could end up in a back and forth of both repeatedly changing it so the merged document always ended up incorrect, even though individually both authors had made valid corrections.
That example seems a bit hypothetical, but I've experienced the same thing in software development where two BAs had created slightly incompatible documents stating how some functionality should work. One QA guy kept raising bugs saying "the spec says it should do X", the dev would check the cited spec and change the code to match the spec. Weeks later, a different QA guy with a different spec would raise a bug saying "why is this doing X? The spec says it should do Y", a different dev read the cited spec, and changed the code. In this case, the functionality flip-flopped about 10 times over the course of a year and it was only a random conversation one day where one of them complained about a bug they'd fixed many times and the other guy said "hey, that bug sounds familiar" and they realised they were the two who'd been changing the code back and forth.
This whole topic is interesting to me, because I'm essentially solving the same problem in a different context. I've used CRDT so far, but only for somewhat limited state where conflicts can be resolved. I'm now moving to a note-editing section of the app, and while there is only one primary author, their state might be on multiple devices and because offline is important to me, they might not always be in sync. I think I'm probably going to end up highlighting conflicts, I'm not sure. I might end up just re-implementing something akin to Quill's system of inserts / deletes.
I see someone has downvoted my actually relevant post. Not sure why, but anyway.
I also tried out the behaviour of their example. Slowing the sync time down to 3 seconds, and then typing "Why not" and then waiting for it to sync before adding " do this?" on client A and " joke?" on client B. The result was "Why not do this? joke?" when I'd have hoped that this would have been flagged as a conflict. Similarly, starting with "Why not?" and adding both " do this" and " joke" in the different clients produced "Why not do this joke?" even though to me, that should have been a conflict - both were inserting different content between "t" and "?".
Finally, changing "do" to "say" in client A and THEN changing "do" to "read" in client B before it updated, actually resulted in a conflict in the log window and the resultant merge was "Why not rayead this joke?" Clearly this merge strategy isn't that great here, as it doesn't seem to be renumbering the version numbers based on the losing side (or I've misunderstood what they're actually doing).
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Very likely AI slop, very hard to read. Too many indications. HN should have another rule: explicitly mention if article was written (primarily) by AI.
I'm the author. Literally 0% of this was written with AI. Not an outline, not the arguments, not a single word in any paragraph. We agonized over every aspect of this article: the wording, the structure, and in particular, about whether we were being fair to Yjs. We moved the second and third section around constantly. About a dozen people reviewed it and gave feedback.
EDIT: I will say I'm not against AI writing tools or anything like that. But, for better or worse, that's just not what happened here.
Apologies. Was it at all edited by an AI?
It doesn’t strike me as AI. The writing is reasonably information-dense and specific, logically coherent, a bit emotional. Rarely overconfident or vague. If it is AI then there was a lot more human effort put into refining it than most AI writing I’ve read.
Funnily enough I had 2 HN tabs open, this one and https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47394004
Crafted by Rajat
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